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RFC (Request for Comments) — це серія відкритих технічних документів, які описують стандарти, протоколи та технології, що використовуються в Інтернеті й комп’ютерних мережах.

Основні моменти:

  • Хто створює: документи видаються організацією IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) та іншими спільнотами.
  • Для чого: щоб узгодити правила роботи мереж, формати даних, протоколи (наприклад, HTTP, SMTP, DNS) або запропонувати нові ідеї.
  • Нумерація: кожен документ має унікальний номер, наприклад RFC 791 (описує IPv4), RFC 2616 (HTTP/1.1).
  • Статус: не всі RFC є стандартами — частина з них може бути інформативною, експериментальною чи навіть застарілою.

Приклади:

  • RFC 791 — Internet Protocol (IP, версія 4).
  • RFC 1035 — Domain Names – Implementation and Specification (DNS).
  • RFC 8446 — Transport Layer Security (TLS 1.3).

Тобто RFC — це своєрідна "бібліотека правил та інструкцій", за якими працює Інтернет.

Посилання на офіційні сторінки RFC:


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Сокращения 
AAA     – Authentication, Authorisation, Accounting
ACI     – (Cisco) Application Centric Infrastructure
ACK     – Acknowledgement
ACL     – Access Control List
AD      – (Microsoft) Active Directory
API     – Application Programming Interface
APIC    – (Cisco) Application Policy Infrastructure Controller
APIC-DC – (Cisco) Application Policy Infrastructure Controller – DataCentre
ARP     – Address Resolution Protocol
ASIC    – Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
BGP     – Border Gateway Protocol
BPDU    – Bridge Protocol Data Unit
CoPP    – Control Plane Policing
C&C     – Command and Control
CC      – Controlled Conduit
CEF     – Cisco Express Forwarding
CIP     – Common Industrial Protocol (ODVA)
CMD     – Command
COS     – Class Of Service
CPwE    – Cisco Plantwide Ethernet
CRC     – Cyclic Redundancy Check
CTS     – Cisco TrustSec
dACL    – Dynamic Access Control List
DAI     – Dynamic ARP Inspection
DC      – Datacentre
DDOS    – Distributed Denial of Service
DHCP    – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DLR     – Device Level Ring
DMVPN   – Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network
DMZ     – Demilitarised Zone
DLR     – Device Level Ring
DNS     – Domain Name Service
DNA     – (Cisco) Digital Network Architecture
DNA E/A/P – (Cisco) Digital Network Architecture Essentials/Advanced/Premium Licensing
DSCP    – (IP) Differentiated Services Code Point
DTP     – (Cisco) Dynamic Trunking Protocol
EIGRP   – Exterior Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
EPG     – End Point Group
ERP     – Enterprise Resource Planning
ERSPAN  – Encapsulated Remote Switched Port Analyser
ETA     – (Cisco) Encrypted Traffic Analytics
FNF     – Flexible NetFlow
GPS     – Global Positioning System
GE      – Gigabit Ethernet
GETVPN  – Group Encrypted Transport Virtual Private Network
GRE     – Generic Routing Encapsulation
GUI     – Graphical User Interface
HMI     – Human Machine Interface
HR      – Human Relations
HSR     – High-availability Seamless Redundancy (Ring)
HTTP    – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTPS   – Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
HW      – Hardware
IACS    – Industrial Automation and Control Systems
IBN     – Intent-Based Networking
ICMP    – Internet Control Message Protocol
ICS     – Internet Control System
IE      – Industrial Ethernet
IEC     – International Electrotechnical Commission
IDS     – Intrusion Detection System
IDMZ    – Industrial De-Militarised Zone
IEEE    – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF    – Internet Engineering Task Force
IKEv2   – Internet Key Exchange Version 2
IND     – Industrial Network Director (Cisco)
IOS     – (Cisco) Internet Operating System
IOS-XE  – “XE” train of the (Cisco) Internet Operating System
IOx     – Application environment for Cisco Networking Equipment
IP      – Internet Protocol
IPAM    – Internet Protocol Address Management
IPS     – Intrusion Prevention System
IPSec   – Internet Protocol Security (protocol suite)
ISA     – International Society of Automation
ISE     – Identity Services Engine (Cisco)
ISIS    – Intermediate System to Intermediate System (Routing Protocol)
IND     – (Cisco) Industrial Network Director
IOC     – Indicators of Compromise
IRIG-B  – Inter-Range Instrumentation Group time code “B”
IT      – Internet Technology
ITSec   – Internet Technology Security
L2      – (ISO Model) Layer 2
L3      – (ISO Model) Layer 3
LAN     – Local Area Network
LDAP    – Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LIMS    – Laboratory Information Management System
LSP     – Label Switch Path
LTE     – Long-Term Evolution (4G mobile communications standard)
MAB     – MAC Authentication Bypass
MAC     – Medium Access Control
MACsec  – IEEE MAC Security Standard (IEEE 802.1AE)
MDM     – Mobile Device Management
MES     – Manufacturing Execution System
MRP     – Media Redundancy Protocol
NAT     – Network Address Translation
NBA     – Network Behaviour Analysis
NTP     – Network Time Protocol
ODVA    – Open DeviceNet Vendor Association
OPC     – Open Platform Communications (OPC Foundation)
OPC UA  – OPC Unified Architecture
OPS     – Operations
OSPF    – Open Shortest Path First (Routing Protocol)
OT      – Operations Technology
pxGrid  – Platform Exchange Grid
PCN     – Process Control Network
PLC     – Programmable Logic Controller
POE     – Power Over Ethernet
POE+    – Power Over Ethernet Plus
PRP     – Parallel Redundancy Protocol
PTP     – Precision Time Protocol
PVST+   – (Cisco) Rapid per VLAN Spanning Tree Plus
PROFINET – Process Field Net
PROFINET RT – PROFINET Real-Time
PROFINET IRT – PROFINET Isochronous Real-Time
QoS     – Quality of Service
RADIUS  – Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service
RBAC    – Roll-Based Access Control
RBACL   – Roll-Based Access Control List
RDP     – Remote Desktop Protocol
REP     – Resilient Ethernet Protocol
RIB     – Routing Information Base
RSPAN   – Remote Switch Port Analyser
SCADA   – Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
SDA     – (Cisco) Software Defined Access
SGACL   – Scalable Group Access Control List
SGT     – Scalable Group Tag
SIEM    – Security Information and Event Management
SNMP    – Simple Network Management Protocol
SPAN    – Switch Port Analyser
SPT     – Spanning Tree
STP     – Spanning Tree Protocol
SW      – Software
TOD     – Time Of Day
TCP     – Transport Control Protocol
TLS     – Transport Layer Security
TSN     – Time Sensitive Networking
UADP    – (Cisco ASIC) Unified Access Data Plane
UDP     – User Datagram Protocol
USB     – Universal Serial Bus
VoIP    – Voice Over IP
VLAN    – Virtual Local Area Network
VM      – Virtual Machine
VN      – Virtual Network
VXLAN   – Virtual Extensible Local Area Network
VNI     – VXLAN Network Identifier
VPN     – Virtual Private Network
VRF     – Virtual Routing and Forwarding
VSOM    – (Cisco) Video Surveillance Operations Manager
VSS     – Virtual Switching System
VTP     – (Cisco) VLAN Trunking Protocol
VXLAN   – Virtual Extensible Local Area Network
WAN     – Wide Area Network
WEBUI   – World Wide Web User Interface
WWW     – World Wide Web


source: https://www.ciscolive.com/c/dam/r/ciscolive/apjc/docs/2019/pdf/BRKIOT-1315.pdf :


©2019

Industrial Automation Security Design Guide 2.0 :


First Published: 2023-01-17
Last Modified: 2023-01-17
©2023 © Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

 
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Сетевая модель OSI

Сетевая модель OSI (англ. open systems interconnection basic reference model — базовая эталонная модель взаимодействия открытых систем, сокр. ЭМВОС; 1978 год) — сетевая модель стека сетевых протоколов OSI/ISO

Модель OSI (ЕМВВС) (базовая эталонная модель взаимодействия открытых систем, англ. Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model, 1978 г.) - Абстрактная сетевая модель для коммуникаций и разработки сетевых протоколов. Представляет уровневый подход к сети. Каждый уровень обслуживает свою часть процесса взаимодействия. Благодаря такой структуре совместная работа сетевого оборудования и программного обеспечения становится гораздо проще, прозрачнее и понятнее.



Уровни модели OSI - Протокол

Host layers 7. Прикладной (application)
Доступ к сетевым службам
HTTP, FTP, SMTP

Протоколы прикладного уровня: RDP, HTTP, SMTP, SNMP, POP3, FTP, XMPP, OSCAR, Modbus, SIP, TELNET, gopher, DNS, DHCP, CMIP, TFTP, SSH, IRC, AIM, NFS, NNTP, NTP, SNTP, FTAM, APPC, X.400, X.500, AFP, LDAP, IETF, RTP, RTCP, ITMS, Modbus TCP, BACnet IP, IMAP, SMB, MFTP, BitTorrent, e2k, PROFIBUS
Host layers 6. Представительский (представления) (presentation) Представление и шифрование данных

ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG, MPEG, QuickTime, ASN.1, XML, TDI, XDR, NCP, AFP, Unicode
Host layers  5. Сеансовый (session) Управление сеансом связи

RPC, SCP (Session Control Protocol), PAP, H.245 (Call Control Protocol for Multimedia Communication), ASP (AppleTalk Session Protocol), ADSP (AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol), DLC, Named Pipes, NBT, NetBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System), NWLink, Printer Access Protocol, Zone Information Protocol, SSL, TLS, SOCKS, PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)
Media layers 4. Транспортный (transport) Сегменты (segment)/ Дейтаграммы (datagram)
Прямая связь между конечными пунктами и надежность

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol), NetBEUI, AEP, ATP, IL, NBP, RTMP, SMB, SPX, SCTP, DCCP, RTP, STP, TFTP
Media layers
(Словом «media» в англоязычной литературе обозначают среду передачи данных)
3. Сетевой (network) Пакеты (packet)
Определение маршрута и логическая адресация

IPv4, IPv6 (Internet Protocol), IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange, протокол межсетевого обмена), X.25 (частично этот протокол реализован на уровне 2), ICMP, IGMP, NWLink, NetBEUI, DDP, IPsec (Internet Protocol Security), ARP, SKIP, AppleTalk
Media layers 2. Канальный (data link) Биты (bit)/ Кадры (frame)
Физическая адресация

PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), IEEE 802.2, Ethernet, DSL, ARP, ARCnet, ATM, DTM, SLIP, SMDS, FDDI, Frame Relay, LocalTalk, Token Ring, PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet), StarLan, WiFi, PPTP , L2F, L2TP, PROFIBUS, MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching)
Media layers 1. Физический (physical) Стандартные типы сетевых интерфейсов: RS-232, RS-422, RS-423, RS-449, RS-485, ITU-T, RJ-11, T-carrier (T1, E1), AUI и BNC; Модификации стандарта Ethernet: 10BASE-T, 10BASE2, 10BASE5, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX, 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-TX, 1000BASE-SX

Протоколы физического уровня: IEEE 802.15 (Bluetooth), IRDA, EIA RS-232, EIA-422, EIA-423, RS-449, RS-485, DSL, ISDN, SONET/SDH, 802.11 Wi-Fi, Etherloop, GSM Um radio interface, ITU и ITU-T, TransferJet, ARINC 818, G.hn/G.9960


 
 

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